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Glede na članek Wikipedije o sendviču je bila hrana poimenovana po grofu Sandwichu. Koliko podrobnosti obstaja o njegovem prvem sendviču? Ali obstaja dovolj podrobnosti za natančno poustvarjanje?
Rečeno je, da je bil četrti grof od sendviča, John Montagu, izumitelj sendviča. Bil je tudi podpornik kapitana Jamesa Cooka kot prvega gospoda Admiralitete, ki je odobril sredstva za Cookovo drugo in tretjo odpravo v Pacifik. V zameno je kapitan Cook po njem poimenoval Sandwich Islands (Hawaii).
Zgodba pravi, da je The Earl igral poker in je hotel jesti meso, ne da bi zapustil poker mizo. Zato je prosil svoje služabnike, naj meso položijo med dve rezini kruha. Ideja za poker mizo morda ni povsem točna. Morda so si ga izmislili ljudje, ki mu niso bili prijatelji, ali pa tudi ne. Druga zgodba pravi, da je morda delal in ni hotel zapustiti svoje mize.
Mnogi članki, ki sem jih prebral, preprosto pravijo, da je med kruh postavil "meso". Vendar pa ta članek pravi, da je bila soljena govedina (goveje meso), ki se ujema z dobo. Sol je bila uporabljena kot konzervans.
Upam, da to pomaga.
http://www.npr.org/blogs/waitwait/2010/11/29/131670129/sandwich-monday-the-sandwich-that-may-or-may-not-have-started-it-all
John Montagu, četrti grof od sendviča
Naši uredniki bodo pregledali, kar ste oddali, in ugotovili, ali želite članek popraviti.
John Montagu, četrti grof od sendviča, v celoti John Montagu, četrti grof od sendviča, vikont Hinchingbrooke, baron Montagu iz Saint Neotsa, (rojen 13. novembra 1718 - umrl 30. aprila 1792, London, Anglija), prvi britanski gospodar Admiralitete med ameriško revolucijo (1776–81) in človek, po katerem je bil sendvič poimenovan.
Ko je nasledil svojega dedka, Edwarda Montaguja, tretjega grofa, leta 1729, je študiral na Eton in Trinity College v Cambridgeu, odpotoval v tujino, nato pa je leta 1739 zasedel svoj sedež v Domu lordov. ) in državni sekretar za severni oddelek (1763–65, 1770–71). V tej vlogi je sodeloval pri pregonu (1763) Johna Wilkesa, britanskega politika in agitatorja, katerega prijatelj je bil nekoč, s čimer si je prislužil trezvenost »Jemmyja Twitcherja«, po zahrbtnem liku v filmu John Gay Beraška opera. Bil je tudi prvi gospodar Admiralitete (1748–51, 1771–82). V zadnjem obdobju so mu kritiki očitali, da je pisarno uporabljal za pridobivanje podkupnine in distribucijo političnih delovnih mest. Čeprav so ga pogosto napadali zaradi korupcije, so bile njegove upravne sposobnosti priznane. Vendar je med ameriško revolucijo vztrajal, da bi večji del britanske flote obdržal v evropskih vodah zaradi možnosti francoskega napada, zato je bil podvržen precejšnjim kritikam zaradi nezadostne pomorske pripravljenosti.
Njegovo zanimanje za pomorske zadeve in spodbujanje raziskovanja sta angleškega raziskovalca kapetana Jamesa Cooka leta 1778 poimenovala Sandwich Islands (Hawaii). Potovanje okoli Sredozemlja je izšel leta 1799. V svojem zasebnem življenju je bil Sandwich razsipni igralec na srečo in grablje. Po njem je bil imenovan sendvič, o katerem se izvorno ime veže na poseben incident leta 1762, v katerem je Sandwich (po poročanju v francoski potovalni knjigi) 24 ur preživel za igralno mizo brez druge hrane biti apokrif.
Uredniki Encyclopaedia Britannica Ta članek je nazadnje popravil in posodobil Jeff Wallenfeldt, direktor geografije in zgodovine.
Zanimiva zgodovina banh mi
Na prvi pogled bi lahko ulico ob ulici Cao Thang v mestu Ho Chi Minh (Saigon) zamenjali z neštetimi drugimi po tem osemmilijonskem mestu. Motocikli se vozijo mimo trgovin z rabljenimi mobilnimi telefoni, športnimi nahrbtniki in šamponi. Služi en ulični prodajalec bun thit nuong (riževi rezanci s svinjino na žaru), drugi –, ki se vozi s trikolesnim motorjem –, pa osvežuje veselje kem dua (kokosov sladoled) na vroč dan.
Razlika je v tem, da je to zasedeno malo ulico Saigon posvečeno za ljubitelje sendvičev. To je zato, ker je počepna bledo breskev z rjavo pločevinasto streho in zbledelim znakom rojstni kraj sendviča, ki je prevzel svet: banh mi. In če pojeste eno tukaj, pri ničli, pride presenečenje.
Toda najprej, kaj je banh mi?
Noben sendvič se res ne more primerjati. To je čista fuzijska hrana, kjer se vsak zalogaj kompleksnih sestavin luskaste baguete, vložene zelenjave, začimb, zelišč in mesa na žaru podvoji kot pouk v zgodovini in filozofiji te dežele.
V času francoskega kolonialnega obdobja od leta 1887 do 1954 je Vietnam izvedel za veliko novih stvari: kavo, krščanstvo, rimsko abecedo, prikupne vile, ogromne zapore v evropskem slogu in hrustljave bagete. Sprva so bili ti hlebčki napolnjeni z najdražjim mesom, postali so izključno bogati sendviči, znani kot banh tay ali "zahodni kruh. ”
Vietnamski banh mi sendvič & mdash Fotografija avtorja Getty Images / rudisill
Potem so se leta 1954, po francoskem porazu pri Dien Bien Phu, vietnamski proizvajalci sendvičev preusmerili v jin-jang. To si vietnamski kuharji vedno prizadevajo: uravnotežiti "vroče" in "hladne" sestavine, da se gostje ob koncu počutijo srečne in zdrave. (Domačini vam bodo povedali, če se odločite za ekskluzivno uživanje recimo mangov in#x2013 redkega "vročega" sadja – se pripravite na neprijeten kašelj.)
Uživanje lokalnega banh mi kaže, kako to deluje.
Začne se z luskastimi ovojnicami iz pšeničnega kruha (mi pomeni pšenica). Nato se poglobi v začimbe čilija, bogastvo ocvrtega ali pečenega svinjinskega mesa, slano tango omake Maggi (fermentirane pšenične beljakovine, ki so jo prinesli Francozi), mehčajočo majonezo in koriander ter tisti značilen drobtine vloženih kumar, redkvice ali korenja . Pisatelj Andrew Lam je vsak okus skrbno povzel kot "trenutek zanosa". Amen.
Verjeli so, da banh mi prihaja iz Hoa Ma, okrožja 3, odprtega od leta 1958, na tej lokaciji pa od leta 1960. Njegovi ustvarjalci so bili severni pari, ki so se po letu 1954 priselili v Saigon in svojo trgovino poimenovali po vasi zunaj Hanoja. Cilj je bil ustvariti hrano za hrano s svežimi sestavinami in za razliko od francoske prequel, ki se prodaja po ugodnejši ceni.
Ta bahn mi spot je še vedno odprt in ga vodi ista družina, pravzaprav vnukinja Thanh Truc vsako jed sestavi spredaj.
Vsako jutro osebje odpelje večerje do ene od 15 zunanjih aluminijastih miz. Dvojezični meni opisuje dva elementa: sendvič iz različnih svinjin in mesa z dvema ocvrtima jajcema ali brez njih. Kar sledi, je malo presenetljivo.
Najprej pride kruh, dostavljen sam na zelenem krožniku, skupaj s strežnikom p ât é, prevlečenim z majonezo, in drugi z vloženo zelenjavo. Kmalu sledi vroči krožnik beljakovin – dve jajci z zlatimi jarmi, na trikotnike narezan tofu na žaru, ocvrta svinjina, narezana klobasa in čebula na žaru.
Številni lokalni gostje, z motorji, parkiranimi ob mizi, dajo svoj krožnik v omako Maggi ali čili, nato pa jedo z vilicami, izmenično z grižljaji kruha, ki so jih razstavili ročno. Drugi nadevajo sestavine v mini sendviče, ki jih gradijo med hojo.
To ni vsakodnevno doživetje v Vietnamu ali kje drugje v resnici. Večino sendvičev tukaj postrežejo ulični prodajalci, ki vse sestavijo v nekoliko skrivnost. Tukaj je bolj podoben banh mi kompletu. Vse je na prostem. In vam pomaga videti kompleksnost banh mi v vsem njenem okusnem sijaju.
Mogoče je, da nekaterim ljubiteljem sendvičev, ki vroče razpravljajo o tem, kaj je in kaj ni "sendvič" v družabnih medijih, morda ne bi bilo prijetno s to metodologijo DIY. Iskreno povedano, Hoa Ma je preveč zaposlen, da bi se veliko sekiral o tem, kaj je "sendvič", vendar zagotovo vedo, kaj je banh mi.
In svet je opazil.
Hoa Ma (53 Cao Thang St, 3. okrožje) je odprt vsak dan od 6. do 11. ure. Sendviči z jajci stanejo približno 2 USD, brez njih pa približno 1,50 USD. Postrežejo tudi z vodo in kavo.
Sendvič
Naši uredniki bodo pregledali, kar ste oddali, in ugotovili, ali želite članek popraviti.
Sendvič, v svoji osnovni obliki, rezine mesa, sira ali druge hrane, postavljene med dve rezini kruha. Čeprav mora biti ta način uživanja star toliko kot meso in kruh, je bilo ime sprejeto šele v 18. stoletju za Johna Montaguja, četrtega grofa Sandwicha. Po pogosto citiranem poročilu iz sodobne francoske potopisne knjige je Sandwich nekoč pri igralni mizi prinesel narezano meso in kruh, da se je lahko še naprej igral, ko je jedel, vendar se zdi bolj verjetno, da je pojedel. te sendviče, ko je delal za svojo mizo, ali pa se jih je svet zavedel, ko jih je zahteval v londonski družbi. Njegov naslov je posodil priročnik in kmalu je postalo modno streči sendviče na evropski celini, beseda pa je bila vključena v francoski jezik. Od takrat je bil sendvič vključen v skoraj vsako zahodno kuhinjo zaradi svoje preprostosti priprave, prenosljivosti in neskončne raznolikosti.
V sendvič, vroč ali hladen, lahko gredo vse vrste žemljic ali kruha in vse vrste hrane, ki jo je priročno jesti. Britanski čajni sendviči so narejeni iz tanko narezanega kruha, napolnjenega z ribjo pasto, kumarami, krešnjo ali paradižnikom. Skandinavski smørrebrød strežejo odprtega obraza, z umetelno sestavljenimi prelivi iz rib, narezanega mesa in solat. V Franciji so votli zvitki priljubljena podlaga. Združene države so prispevale izdelane sendvič formule, dve najuspešnejši sta klubski sendvič narezanega piščanca ali purana, slanine, zelene solate in paradižnika ter sendvič Reuben iz govejega mesa, švicarskega sira, kislega zelja in ruskega preliva na žaru na črni kruh. Vroči sendviči, zlasti vseprisotni hamburger na žemlji, so sestavni del ameriške prehrane, sendvič z arašidovim maslom in želejem pa je oslonac ameriškega šolarja.
Grof sendvič je pravi fant. Tukaj je vse, kar morate vedeti.
Grof Sandwich zveni kot mitska osebnost iz britanske folklore, v resnici pa je zelo resnična oseba. John Montagu, ki ima trenutno naslov, je 11. grof od sendviča in služi v Domu lordov.
Za začetek meseca epskih sendvičev HuffPosta smo intervjuvali Montaguja, ki je odgovoril na uradni naslov - brez šale - lorda Sandwicha.
Montagu je HuffPostu povedal o svojih upanjih in sanjah o sendvičih z ribami, resničnih občutkih do majoneze in prepričanju, da je treba polovice sendvičev vedno razrezati na trikotnike. Najprej pa se poglobimo v zgodovino njegovega zavidanja vrednega naslova.
Montagu je neposredni potomec Johna Montaguja, četrtega grofa sendviča, ki je pogosto pripisan izumitelju sendviča. Čeprav si ga morda ni izmislil, je bil sendvič po njem poimenovan po posebej lenem trenutku iznajdljivosti:
Po legendi je četrti grof užival v igrah na srečo in sredi posebej vročega raztežaja pri mizi s kartami leta 1762 ni pojedel nič drugega kot kos pečenke med dvema rezinama opečenega kruha, ker ga je lahko držal v eni roki, kar mu omogoča, da nadaljuje z igranjem, ne da bi se ustavil za obrok.
Različne izvedbe te zgodbe so pri grofu izrecno zahtevale goveje meso med dvema rezinama kruha ali pa samo zahteval nekaj, kar bi lahko pojedel, ne da bi mu bilo treba zapustiti mizo s kartami, zaradi česar je bil hišni kuhar ustvarjalen. Nekateri navajajo, da je bil odvisnik od iger na srečo, medtem ko je vsaj en biograf trdil, da ni igral na srečo, ampak je trdo delal za svojo mizo in si ni želel vzeti odmora za obroke.
Ne glede na to, zgodovinarji vedo, da je bil njegov naslov, Earl of Sandwich, povezan z živilskim izrazom "sendvič", ki je takrat v Angliji postal moden.
Leta 1762 je avtor in zgodovinar Edward Gibbon v svojem dnevniku zapisal, da je opazil: »Dvajset ali trideset, morda prvih ljudi v kraljestvu, v modi in bogastvu, ki so se sredi majhnih mizic prekrivali s prtičkom kavarne, na košček hladnega mesa ali sendviča in s kozarcem punča. "
Sedanji grof Sandwich priznava, da so ljudje v Angliji in širše zagotovo jedli sendviče že dolgo, preden so jih kdaj imenovali sendviči. Prav tako ne misli nujno, da je bil njegov prednik odvisnik od iger na srečo, kot kažejo nekatere različice zgodbe.
V pogovoru za HuffPost z družinskega posestva v Mappertonu je Montagu opisal portret četrtega grofa od sendviča, ki visi v hiši.
"Mislim, da je bilo glede na njegovo obleko gospoda iz tega obdobja težje ravnati tako kot mi, ker je bilo težko biti neuraden," je dejal. "Življenje je bilo zelo organizirano in tudi če bi le sedel za majhno mizo v svojem londonskem klubu, bi še vedno nosil različne kostume in bi imel ročaj papirja, kot je na tem portretu."
V tem smislu je bilo uživanje kosa mesa med dvema rezinama kruha enostavnost in udobje sredi formalnosti vsakdanjega življenja za grofa.
»Prepričan sem, da je bilo njegovo delovno življenje zelo aktivno. Seveda pa je vsak plemič tistega obdobja znal igrati karte in verjetno igral na srečo in ni bil izjema. Užival je v družbi drugih ljudi, «je nadaljeval Montagu. »Torej bi verjetno pozno zvečer pojedel nekaj teh [sendvičev]. Mislim pa, da je bila to takratna manjšina. "
V zadnjih nekaj desetletjih je zgodovinska kulinarična povezava Montaguja postala vir družinskega dohodka. Leta 2004 je sodeloval z mlajšim sinom Orlandom in ustanoviteljem Planet Hollywood Robertom Earlom, da bi ustanovil Earl of Sandwich, verigo restavracij s hitrimi sendviči.
Veriga ima več kot 30 lokacij v ZDA in eno v pariškem Disneylandu. Ponujajo sendviče, kot so "The Original 1762", "The Earl's Club" in "The Full Montagu".
Čeprav Montagu hitro poudarja, da ni kuhar, ima nekaj mnenj o soimenski hrani svoje družine. Pomikajte se, če želite več njegovih misli o sendvičih.
Kateri je vaš najljubši sendvič?
»Raje uživam v tradicionalnem sendviču, pečenki in solati, kot je kreša, vendar ne v enem od teh velikih ameriških sendvičev. Te mi niso všeč, "je povedal za HuffPost in dodal, da uživa tudi v klasičnem francoskem krokovskem monsieurju in ima običajno raje svoje sendviče na" polnozrnatem kruhu ".
So sendviči vaša najljubša hrana?
»V času kosila so, ker ob kosilu zelo redko jem. Sem kot veliko drugih ljudi, ki morajo samo še naprej preživeti kosilo. V tem trenutku sedim in razmišljam, da bi res moral iti narediti kosilo. Nisem pa navdušen nad pripravo sendviča. Sem malo len. Moj najljubši bi bil ob kosilu z najmanj težavami. "
Naša zavezanost kakovosti
Približno 250 let po izumu sendviča so restavracije Earl of Sandwich® to idejo sprejele in jo oblikovale v sveže pečen sendvič po naročilu, kakršen še ni bil. Naš meni se pokloni umetnosti sendviča. Od imenskih imen, kot sta The Original 1762® in The Full Montagu, do svežih solat, verjamemo, da v vsem, kar postrežemo, uporabljamo najkakovostnejše sestavine. Verjamemo, da so sendviči več kot priročna hrana, zato jih je treba skrbno pripraviti in v njih uživati.
Vsebina
Splošni vrstni red med grofi je:
| Številka | Naslov | Datum nastanka | Roke | Trenutni nosilec | Opombe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Grof Shrewsbury | (1442) | Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22. grof od Shrewsburyja | Tudi Earl Talbot (GB 1784) in Earl of Waterford (Ire 1446) | |
| 2. | Grof od Derbija | (1485) | Edward Stanley, 19. grof od Derbija | ||
| 3. | Grof od Huntingdona | (1529) | William Hastings-Bass, 17. grof od Huntingdona | ||
| 4. | Grof Pembroke | (1551) | William Herbert, 18. grof od Pembroka | Tudi grof Montgomery (E 1605) - glej spodaj | |
| 5. | Grof Devon | (1553) | Charles Courtenay, 19. grof Devon | ||
| 6. | Grof Lincoln | (1572) | Robert Fiennes-Clinton, 19. grof od Lincolna | ||
| 7. | Grof Suffolk | (1603) | Michael Howard, 21. grof Suffolk | Tudi grof Berkshire (E 1626) - glej spodaj | |
| Grof Montgomery | (1605) | William Herbert, 15. grof Montgomery | Tudi Earl of Pembroke (E 1551) - glej zgoraj | ||
| 8. | Grof Denbigh | (1622) | Alexander Feilding, 12. grof od Denbigha | Tudi grof od Desmonda (Ire 1628) | |
| 9. | Grof Westmorland | (1624) | Anthony Fane, 16. grof Westmorlanda | ||
| Grof Berkshire | (1626) | Michael Howard, 14. grof Berkshire | Tudi Earl of Suffolk (E 1603) - glej zgoraj | ||
| 10. | Grof Lindsey | (1626) | Richard Bertie, 14. grof Lindsey | Tudi grof Abingdon (E 1682) - glej spodaj | |
| 11. | Grof Winchilsea | (1628) | Daniel Finch-Hatton, 17. grof Winchilsea | Tudi grof od Nottinghama (E 1681) - glej spodaj | |
| 12. | Grof od sendviča | (1660) | John Montagu, 11. grof od sendviča | ||
| 13. | Grof Essex | (1661) | Paul Capell, 11. grof Essex | ||
| 14. | Grof Carlisle | (1661) | George Howard, 13. grof od Carlisla | ||
| 15. | Grof Shaftesbury | (1672) | Nicholas Ashley-Cooper, 12. grof iz Shaftesburyja | ||
| Grof od Nottinghama | (1681) | Daniel James Hatfield Finch-Hatton, 12. grof od Nottinghama | Tudi grof Winchilsea (1628) - glej zgoraj | ||
| Grof Abingdon | (1682) | Richard Henry Rupert Bertie, 9. grof od Abingdona | Tudi grof Lindsey (1626) - glej zgoraj | ||
| 16. | Grof Portland | (1689) | Timothy Bentinck, 12. grof Portland | ||
| 17. | Grof od Scarbrougha | (1690) | Richard Lumley, 13. grof od Scarbrougha | ||
| 18. | Grof Albemarle | (1697) | Rufus Keppel, deseti grof Albemarle | ||
| 19. | Grof Coventry | (1697) | George Coventry, 13. grof od Coventryja | ||
| 20. | Grof Jersey | (1697) | William Child-Villiers, deseti grof Jersey |
Kot je razvidno iz zgornjega seznama, se držijo moški, ki so: (1) grof Pembroke in Montgomery, (2) grof Suffolk in Berkshire, (3) grof Lindsey in Abingdon ter (4) sta grofa Winchilsea in Nottingham dva grofa v lovstvu Anglije. Obstaja torej 24 takih grofov, katerih imetnik nima višjega perja.
Opomba: Prednost starejših škotskih grofov je določena z Dekretom o uvrstitvi iz leta 1606 in ne glede na starost.
| Številka | Naslov | Datum nastanka | Roke | Trenutni nosilec | Maščevanje | Opombe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Grof Crawford | (1398) | Robert Lindsay, 29. grof od Crawforda [Opombe 1] [1] | Škotska | Tudi grof Balcarres (1651) | |
| 2. | Grof Erroll | (1453) | Merlin Hay, 24. grof Erroll | Škotska | ||
| 3. | Grof Sutherland | (1230 ali 1275 ali 1347) | Alastair Sutherland, 25. grof Sutherland | Škotska | ||
| 4. | Marina grofica | (1114 ali 1457) | Margareta Mar, 31. grofica Mar | Škotska | ||
| 5. | Grof Rothes | (1458) | James Leslie, 22. grof Rothes | Škotska | ||
| 6. | Grof Mortonov | (1458) | Stewart Douglas, 22. grof od Mortona | Škotska | ||
| 7. | Grof Buchan | (1469) | Malcolm Erskine, 17. grof Buchan | Škotska | Govor v Domu lordov na HL Deb 17. junija 1998 vol 590 cc1599-678 | |
| 8. | Grof Eglinton | (1508) | Hugh Montgomerie, 19. grof Eglinton | Škotska | Tudi Earl of Winton (UK 1859) | |
| 9. | Grof Caithness | (1455) | Malcolm Sinclair, 20. grof Caithness | Škotska | ||
| 10. | Marlov grof in Kellie | (1404 ali 1565) | James Erskine, 14. marc | Škotska | ||
| 11. | Grof Moray | (1562) | John Stuart, 21. grof Moray | Škotska | ||
| 12. | Domači grof | (1605) | David Douglas-Home, 15. grof doma | Škotska | ||
| 13. | Grof Perth | (1605) | John Eric Drummond, 9. grof od Pertha | Škotska | ||
| 14. | Grof Strathmore in Kinghorne | (1606) | Simon Bowes-Lyon, 19. grof Strathmore in Kinghorne | Škotska | Tudi Earl of Strathmore in Kinghorne (UK 1937) | |
| 15. | Grof od Haddingtona | (1619) | George Baillie-Hamilton, 14. grof od Haddingtona | Škotska | ||
| 16. | Grof Galloway | (1623) | Andrew Stewart, 14. grof Galloway | Škotska | ||
| 17. | Grof Lauderdale | (1624) | Ian Maitland, 18. grof Lauderdale | Škotska | ||
| 18. | Grof Lindsay | (1633) | James Lindesay-Bethune, 16. grof Lindsay | Škotska | ||
| 19. | Grof Loudoun | (1633) | Simon Abney-Hastings, 15. grof Loudoun | Škotska | ||
| 20. | Grof Kinnoull | (1633) | Charles Hay, 16. grof Kinnoull | Škotska | ||
| 21. | Grof Elgin | (1633) | Andrew Bruce, 11. grof od Elgina | Škotska | Tudi grof Kincardine (1647) | |
| 22. | Grof Wemyss | (1633) | James Charteris, 13. grof Wemyss | Škotska | Tudi Earl of March (1697) | |
| 23. | Grof Dalhousie | (1633) [2] | James Ramsay, 17. grof Dalhousie | Škotska | ||
| 24. | Grof Airlie | (1639) | David Ogilvy, 13. grof Airlie | Škotska | ||
| 25. | Grof Leven | (1641) | Alexander Ian Leslie-Melville, 15. grof Leven | Škotska | Tudi grof Melville (1690) | |
| 26. | Grof Dysart | (1643) | John Grant, 13. grof Dysart | Škotska | ||
| 27. | Grof Selkirkov | (1646) | Trenutno zavrnjeno James Douglas-Hamilton, baron Selkirk iz Douglasa | Škotska | ||
| 28. | Grof Northesk | (1647) | Patrick Carnegy, 15. grof od Northeska | Škotska | ||
| Grof Kincardine | (1647) | Andrew Bruce, 15. grof Kincardine | Škotska | Tudi grof od Elgina (1633) | ||
| Grof Balcarres | (1651) | Robert Lindsay, 12. grof Balcarres | Škotska | Tudi grof Crawford (1398) | ||
| 29. | Grof Dundee | (1660) | Alexander Scrymgeour, 12. grof Dundee | Škotska | ||
| 30. | Grof Newburgh | (1660) | [3] | Filippo, 11. princ Rospigliosi, 12. grof Newburgh | Škotska | |
| 31. | Grof Annandale in Hartfell | (1662) | Patrick Hope-Johnstone, 11. grof od Annandale in Hartfell | Škotska | ||
| 32. | Grof Dundonald | (1669) | Iain Cochrane, 15. grof Dundonald | Škotska | ||
| 33. | Grof Kintore | (1677) | James Keith, 14. grof Kintore | Škotska | ||
| 34. | Grof Dunmore | (1686) | Malcolm Murray, 12. grof Dunmore | Škotska | ||
| Grof Melville | (1690) | Alexander Ian Leslie-Melville, 14. grof Melville | Škotska | Tudi grof Leven (1641) | ||
| 35. | Grof Orkney | (1696) | Peter St John, 9. grof Orkney | Škotska | ||
| Grof marca | (1697) | James Charteris, 9. grof marca | Škotska | Tudi grof Wemyss (1633) | ||
| 36. | Grof Seafield | (1701) | Ian Ogilvie-Grant, 13. grof Seafield | Škotska | Hansard 1803–2005: prispevki v parlamentu grofa Seafielda | |
| 37. | Grof po stopnicah | (1703) | John Dalrymple, 14. grof po stopnicah | Škotska | ||
| 38. | Grof Rosebery | (1703) | Neil Primrose, 7. grof Rosebery | Škotska | Tudi Earl of Midlothian (UK 1911) | |
| 39. | Grof Glasgow | (1703) | Patrick Boyle, deseti grof od Glasgowa | Škotska |
Kot je razvidno iz zgornjega seznama, so moški, ki so: (1) grof Crawford in Balcarres, (2) grof Elgin in Kincardine, (3) grof Wemyss in grof marca ter (4) grof Leven in Melville vsak poseduje dva grofja na škotskem gradu. Obstaja torej 43 takih grofov, katerih imetnik nima višjega perja.
- Earl Ferrers (1711)
- Grof Dartmouth (1711)
- Grof Tankerville (1714)
- Peter Bennet, deseti grof Tankerville
- Grof Aylesford (1714)
- Charles Finch-Knightley, 12. grof iz Aylesforda
- Grof Macclesfield (1721)
- Richard Parker, 9. grof Macclesfield
- Earl Waldegrave (1729)
- Grof od Harringtona (1742)
- Grof Portsmouth (1743)
- Grof Warwick (1759) in Brooke (1746)
- Grof Buckinghamshire (1746)
- George Hobart-Hampden, deseti grof iz Buckinghamshira
- Grof Guilford (1752)
- Grof Hardwicke (1754)
- Grof Ilchester (1756)
- Robin Fox-Strangways, deseti grof Ilchester
- Earl De La Warr (1761)
- Grof Radnor (1765)
- Earl Spencer (1765)
- Earl Bathurst (1772)
- Grof Clarendon (1776)
- Grof Mansfield (1776) in Mansfield (1792)
- Alexander Murray, 9. grof Mansfield in Mansfield
- Earl Talbot (1784) (Earl of Shrewsbury v angleškem Peerageu in Earl of Waterford v irskem Peerage)
- Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 7. Earl Talbot
- Grof z gore Edgcumbe (1789)
- Earl Fortescue (1789)
- Charles Fortescue, 8. Earl Fortescue
- Grof od Carnarvona (1793)
- Earl Cadogan (1800)
- Grof Malmesbury (1800)
- James Harris, sedmi grof iz Malmesburyja
| Številka | Naslov | Datum nastanka | Roke | Trenutni nosilec | Maščevanje | Opombe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grof od Waterforda | 1446 | Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 22. grof iz Waterforda | Irska | Tudi Earl of Shrewsbury v Peerage of England in Earl Talbot v Peerage of Great Britain | ||
| 1. | Grof od Pluta | 1620 | John Boyle, 15. grof od Corka | Irska | Tudi grof Orrery (1660) | |
| 2. | Grof Westmeath | 1621 | William Anthony Nugent, 13. grof Westmeath | Irska | ||
| 3. | Grof Meath | 1627 | John Brabazon, 15. grof Meath | Irska | ||
| Grof Desmond | 1628 | Alexander Feilding, 11. grof od Desmonda | Irska | Tudi grof Denbigh v Angliji | ||
| 4. | Grof Cavan | 1647 | Roger Lambart, 13. grof od Cavana | Irska | ||
| Grof Orrery | 1660 | John Boyle, 15. grof Orrery | Irska | Tudi Earl of Cork | ||
| 5. | Grof Drogheda | 1661 | Derry Moore, 12. grof Drogheda | Irska | ||
| 6. | Grof Granard | 1684 | Peter Forbes, deseti grof Granard | Irska | ||
| 7. | Grof Darnley | 1725 | Ivo Bligh, 12. grof od Darnleyja | Irska | ||
| 8. | Grof Bessborough | 1739 | Myles Ponsonby, 12. grof od Bessborougha | Irska | Tudi Earl of Bessborough (UK 1937) | |
| 9. | Grof od Carricka | 1748 | (Arion) Thomas Piers Hamilton Butler, 11. grof od Carricka | Irska | ||
| 10. | Grof Shannon | 1756 | Richard Boyle, deseti grof od Shannona | Irska | ||
| 11. | Grof Arran | 1762 | Arthur Gore, 9. grof od Arrana | Irska | ||
| 12. | Grof Courtown | 1762 | Patrick Stopford, 9. grof Courtown | Irska | ||
| 13. | Grof Mexborough | 1766 | John Savile, 8. grof Mexborough | Irska | ||
| 14. | Grof Winterton | 1766 | David Turnour, 8. grof Winterton | Irska | ||
| 15. | Grof Kingston | 1768 | Robert King-Tenison, 12. grof od Kingstona | Irska | ||
| 16. | Grof Roden | 1771 | Robert Jocelyn, deseti grof od Rodena | Irska | ||
| 17. | Grof Lisburnski | 1776 | David Vaughan, 9. grof od Lisburna | Irska | ||
| 18. | Grof Clanwilliam | 1776 | Patrick Meade, osmi grof Clanwilliam | Irska | ||
| 19. | Grof Antrim | 1785 | Alexander McDonnell, 9. grof Antrim | Irska | ||
| 20. | Grof Longford | 1785 | Thomas Pakenham, osmi grof Longforda | Irska | ||
| 21. | Grof iz Portarlingtona | 1785 | George Dawson-Damer, sedmi grof iz Portarlingtona | Irska | ||
| 22. | Grof Mayo | 1785 | Charles Bourke, 11. grof Mayo | Irska | ||
| 23. | Grof Annesley | 1789 | Michael Annesley, 12. Earl Annesley | Irska | ||
| 24. | Grof Enniskillen | 1789 | Andrew Cole, sedmi grof Enniskillena | Irska | ||
| 25. | Grof Erne | 1789 | John Crichton, 7. grof Erne | Irska | ||
| 26. | Grof Lucan | 1795 | George Bingham, osmi grof Lucan | Irska | ||
| 27. | Grof Belmore | 1797 | John Lowry-Corry, 8. Earl Belmore | Irska | ||
| 28. | Grad Earl Stewart | 1800 | Arthur Stuart, 8. grad Earl Castle Stewart | Irska | ||
| 29. | Grof Donoughmore | 1800 | Richard Hely-Hutchinson, osmi grof Donoughmoreja | Irska | ||
| 30. | Grof Kaledonski | 1800 | Nicholas Alexander, sedmi grof Kaledonski | Irska | ||
| 31. | Grof Limerick | 1803 | Edmund Pery, sedmi grof iz Limericka | Irska | ||
| 32. | Grof Clancarty | 1803 | Rov Nicholas Le Poer, 9. grof Clancarty | Irska | ||
| 33. | Grof Gosford | 1806 | Charles Acheson, sedmi grof iz Gosforda | Irska | ||
| 34. | Grof Rosse | 1806 | Brendan Parsons, sedmi grof Rosse | Irska | ||
| 35. | Grof Normanton | 1806 | James Agar, sedmi grof Normanton | Irska | ||
| 36. | Grof Kilmorey | 1822 | Sir Richard Needham (6. grof Kilmorey) | Irska | ||
| 37. | Grof Listowel | 1822 | Francis Hare, 6. grof Listowel | Irska | ||
| 38. | Grof Norbury | 1827 | Richard Graham-Toler, sedmi grof iz Norburyja | Irska | ||
| 39. | Grof Ranfurly | 1831 | Edward Knox, osmi grof Ranfurlyja | Irska |
Kot je razvidno iz zgornjega seznama, je moški, ki je grof od Waterforda, tudi grof v angleškem Peerageu in grof v britanskem Peerageu, moški, ki je grof od Desmonda, pa tudi grof v Peerage of Anglija in mož, ki je grof od Corka, je tudi grof od Orreryja. V Peerage Irski je torej 39 grofov, katerih imetniki imajo od njih prednost.
- Grof Rosslyn (1801)
- Grof Craven (1801)
- Benjamin Craven, 9. grof Craven
- Grof Onslow (1801)
- Grof Romney (1801)
- Grof Chichester (1801)
- Grof Wilton (1801) Grof Limerick (Irska)Grof Clancarty (Irska)
- Grof Powis (1804)
- Grof Nelson (1805) Grof Gosford (Irska)Grof Rosse (Irska)Grof Normanton (Irska)
- Earl Grey (1806)
- Grof Lonsdale (1807)
- Grof od Harrowbyja (1809)
- Grof iz Harewooda (1812)
- Grof od Minta (1813)
- Voziček z grofom (1814)
- Grof Verulam (1815)
- Grof svetih Nemcev (1815)
- Albert Eliot, 11. grof svetih Nemcev
- Grof Morley (1815)
- Mark Parker, sedmi grof od Morleyja
- Grof Bradford (1815)
- Grof Eldon (1821)
- John Scott, 6. grof od Eldona
- Earl Howe (1821)
- Grof Stradbroke (1821)
- Stolov grof Stowe (1822)
- Tempelj Grenville-Gore-Langton, 8. grofov tempelj Stowe
- Earl Cawdor (1827) Grof Ranfurly (Irska)
- Grof Lichfield (1831)
- Grof Durham (1833)
- Earl Granville (1833)
- Fergus Leveson-Gower, 6. Earl Granville
- Grof Effingham (1837)
- David Howard, sedmi grof od Effinghama
- Grof Ducie (1837)
- Grof Yarborough (1837)
- Grof Leicester (1837)
- Grof Gainsborough (1841)
- Anthony Noel, 6. grof Gainsborough
- Grof Strafford (1847)
- William Byng, deveti grof Strafford
- Grof iz Cottenhama (1850)
- Mark Pepys, deveti grof iz Cottenhama
- Earl Cowley (1857)
- Grof Dudley (1860)
- Earl Russell (1861)
- Grof Cromartie (1861)
- Grof Kimberley (1866)
- Grof Wharncliffe (1876)
- Richard Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, peti grof Wharncliffe
- Earl Cairns (1878)
- Grof Lytton (1880)
- Grof Selborne (1882)
- William Palmer, peti grof iz Selborna
- Grof Iddesleigh (1885)
- John Northcote, peti grof Iddesleigh
- Grof Cranbrook (1892)
- Grof Cromer (1901)
- Evelyn Baring, četrti grof Cromer
- Grof Plymouth (1905)
- Ivor Edward Drugi Windsor-Clive, četrti grof Plymouth
- Grof iz Liverpoola (1905)
- Earl Saint Aldwyn (1915)
- Plaža Michael Hicks, tretji grof Saint Aldwyn
- Earl Beatty (1919)
- Earl Haig (1919)
- Alexander Haig, tretji grof Haig
- Grof Iveagh (1919)
- Grof Balfour (1922)
- Roderick Balfour, peti grof od Balfoura
- Grof Oxford in Asquith (1925)
- Earl Jellicoe (1925)
- Patrick Jellicoe, tretji grof Jellicoe
- Grof Inchcape (1929)
- Earl Peel (1929) [4]
- Earl Baldwin iz Bewdleyja (1937)
- Grof iz Halifaxa (1944)
- Grof Gowrie (1945)
- Grof Lloyd George iz Dwyforja (1945)
- David Lloyd George, 4. grof Lloyd George iz Dwyforja
- Burmaški grof Mountbatten (1947)
- Tuniski grof Aleksander (1952)
- Grof Swinton (1955)
- Mark Cunliffe-Lister, četrti grof Swinton
- Earl Attlee (1955)
- Grof Woolton (1956)
- Grof Snowdon (1961) [5]
- The Earl of Stockton (1984)
- Grof Wessex (1999) in Forfar (2019) [6]
Navidezni dediči Edit
Peerage of England Edit
1. James Chetwynd-Talbot, vikont Ingestre, najstarejši sin grofa Shrewsburyja in Waterforda
2. Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley, najstarejši sin grofa Derbyja
3. Reginald Herbert, Lord Herbert, najstarejši sin grofa Pembroka in Montgomeryja
4. Jack Courtenay, Lord Courtenay, najstarejši sin grofa Devonskega
5. Alexander Howard, vikont Andover, najstarejši sin grofa Suffolka in Berkshira
6. Peregrine Feilding, vikont Feilding, najstarejši sin grofa Denbigha in Desmonda
7. Henry Bertie, Lord Norreys, najstarejši sin grofa Lindseyja in Abingdona
8. Tobias Finch-Hatton, vikont Maidstone, najstarejši sin grofa Winchilsea in Nottinghama
9. Luke Montagu, vikont Hinchingbrooke, najstarejši sin grofa od sendviča
10. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Lord Ashley, najstarejši sin grofa Shaftesburyja
11. William Bentinck, vikont Woodstock, najstarejši sin grofa Portlandskega
12. Augustus Keppel, vikont Bury, najstarejši sin grofa Albemarleja
13. George Child-Villiers, vikont Villiers, najstarejši sin grofa Jerseyja
Peerage of Scotland Edit
14. Anthony Lindsay, Lord Balniel, najstarejši sin grofa Crawforda in Balcarresa
15. Harry Hay, Lord Hay, najstarejši sin grofa Errolla
16. Alexander Charles Robert Sutherland, Lord Strathnaver, najstarejši sin grofa Sutherlanda
17. John Douglas, Lord Aberdour, najstarejši sin grofa Mortona
18. Harry Erskine, Lord Cardross, najstarejši sin grofa Buchana
19. Rhuridh Montgomerie, Lord Montgomerie, najstarejši sin grofa Eglintona in Wintona
20. Alexander Sinclair, Lord Berriedale, najstarejši sin grofa Caithnessa
21. Jack Stuart, Lord Doune, najstarejši sin grofa Morayja
22. Michael Douglas-Home, Lord Dunglass, najstarejši sin grofa Home
23. James Drummond, vikont Strathallana, najstarejši sin grofa od Pertha
24. Alexander Patrick Stewart, Lord Darlies, najstarejši sin grofa Gallowaya
25. John Maitland, vikont Maitland, najstarejši sin grofa Lauderdale
26. William Lindesay-Bethume, vikont Garnock, najstarejši sin grofa Lindsayjevega
27. William Hay, vikont Dupplin, najstarejši sin grofa od Kinnoulla
28. Charles Bruce, Lord Bruce, najstarejši sin grofa Elgin in Kincardine
29. Richard Charteris, Lord Elcho, najstarejši sin grofa Wemyssa in Marca
30. Simon Ramsay, Lord Ramsay, najstarejši sin grofa Dalhousieja
31. Davis Ogilvy, Lord Ogilvy, najstarejši sin grofa Airlieja
32. James Grant iz Rothiemurchusa, Lord Huntingtower, najstarejši sin grofa od Dysarta
33. John Douglas-Hamilton, Lord Daer, najstarejši sin grofa Selkirka
34. Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn, Lord Scrymgeour, najstarejši sin grofa Dundeeja
35. David Hope-Johnstone, Lord Johnstone, eldest son of the Earl of Annandale and Hartfell
36. Archibald Cochrane, Lord Cochrane, eldest son of the Earl of Dundonald
37. Tristan Keith, Lord Inverurie, eldest son of the Earl of Kintore
38. Oliver St John, Viscount Kirkwall, eldest son of the Earl of Orkney
39. James Studley, Viscount Reidhaven, eldest son of the Earl of Seafield
40. John Dalrymple, Viscount Dalrymple, eldest son of the Earl of Stair
41. Harry Primrose, Lord Dalmeny, eldest son of the Earl of Rosebery and Midlothian
42. David Boyle, Viscount of Kelburn, eldest son of the Earl of Glasgow
Peerage of Great Britain Edit
44. William Shirley, Viscount Tamworth, eldest son of the Earl Ferrers
45. James Finch-Knightley, Lord Guernsey, eldest son of the Earl of Aylesford
46. Edward Waldegrave, Viscount Chewton, eldest son of the Earl Waldegrave
47. William Stanhope, Viscount Petersham, eldest son of the Earl of Harrington
48. Oliver Wallop, Viscount Lymington, eldest son of the Earl of Portsmouth
49. Charles Greville, Lord Brooke, eldest son of the Earl of Warwick
50. Frederick North, Lord North, eldest son of the Earl of Guilford
51. Philip Yorke, Viscount Royston, eldest son of the Earl of Hardwick
52. Simon Fox-Strangways, Lord Stavordale, eldest son of the Earl of Ilchester
54. Jacob Pleydell-Bouverie, Viscount Folkstone, eldest son of the Earl of Radnor
56. Benjamin Bathurst, Lord Apsley, eldest son of the Earl Bathurst
57. Edward Villiers, Lord Hyde, eldest son of the Earl of Clarendon
58. William Murray, Viscount Stormont, eldest son of the Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield
59. William Herbert, Lord Porchester, eldest son of the Earl of Carnarvon
60. George Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea, eldest son of the Earl Cadogan
61. James Harris, Viscount FitzHarris, eldest son of the Earl of Malmesbury
Peerage of Ireland Edit
62. Jonathan Boyle, Viscount Dungarvan, eldest son of the Earl of Cork and Orrery
63. Sean Nugent, Lord Delvin, eldest son of the Earl of Westmeath
64. Anthony Brabazon, Lord Ardee, eldest son of the Earl of Meath
65. Benjamin Moore, Viscount Moore, eldest son of the Earl of Drogheda
66. Jonathan Forbes, Viscount Forbes, eldest son of the Earl of Granard
67. Ivo Bligh, Lord Clifton, eldest son of the Earl of Darnley
68. Frederick Ponsonby, Viscount Duncannon, eldest son of the Earl of Bessborough
69. James Stopford, Viscount Stopford, eldest son of the Earl of Courtown
70. John Savile, Viscount Pollington, eldest son of the Earl of Mexborough
71. Charles King-Tenison, Viscount Kingsborough, eldest son of the Earl of Kingston
72. Shane Jocelyn, Viscount Jocelyn, eldest son of the Earl of Roden
73. John Meade, Lord Gillford, eldest son of the Earl of Clanwilliam
74. Randal McDonnell, Viscount Dunluce, eldest son of the Earl of Antrim
75. Edward Pakenham, Lord Silchester, eldest son of the Earl of Longford
76. Charles Dawson-Damer, Viscount Carlow, eldest son of the Earl of Portarlington
77. Richard Bourke, Lord Naas, eldest son of the Earl of Mayo
78. Michael Annesley, Viscount Glerawly, eldest son of the Earl Annesley
79. John Lowry-Corry, Viscount Corry, eldest son of the Earl Belmore
80. Andrew Stuart, Viscount Stuart, eldest son of the Earl Castle Stewart
81. John Hely-Hutchinson, Viscount Suirdale, eldest son of the Earl of Donoughmore
82. Frederick Alexander, Viscount Alexander, eldest son of the Earl of Caledon
Peerage of the United Kingdom (also includes heirs apparent for Irish peerages created after 1800) Edit
83. Jamie St Clair-Erskine, Lord Loughborough, eldest son of the Earl of Rosslyn
84. David Marsham, Viscount Marsham, eldest son of the Earl of Romney
85. Julian Grosvenor, Viscount Grey de Wilton, eldest son of the Earl of Wilton
86. Felix Pery, Viscount Glentworth, eldest son of the Earl of Limerick
87. Jonathan Herbert, Viscount Clive, eldest son of the Earl of Powis
88. Thomas Nelson, Viscount Merton, eldest son of the Earl Nelson
89. Lawrence Parsons, Lord Oxmantown, eldest son of the Earl of Rosse (Peerage of Ireland)
90. Arthur Agar, Viscount Somerton, eldest son of the Earl of Normanton (Peerage of Ireland)
91. Alexander Grey, Viscount Howick, eldest son of the Earl Grey
92. Dudley Ryder, Viscount Sandon, eldest son of the Earl of Harrowby
93. Alexander Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles, eldest son of the Earl of Harewood
94. Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Viscount Melgund, eldest son of the Earl of Minto
95. Alan Cathcart, Lord Greenock, eldest son of the Earl of Cathcart
96. James Grimston, Viscount Grimston, eldest son of the Earl of Verulam
97. Alexander Bridgeman, Viscount Newport, eldest son of the Earl of Bradford
98. John Scott, Viscount Encombe, eldest son of the Earl of Eldon
99. Thomas Curzon, Viscount Curzon, eldest son of the Earl Howe
100. Robert Rous, Viscount Dunwich, eldest son of the Earl of Stradbroke
101. Robert Needham, Viscount Newry and Mourne, eldest son of the Earl of Kilmorey (Peerage of Ireland)
102. James Campbell, Viscount Emlyn, eldest son of the Earl Cawdor
103. Adam Knox, Viscount Northland, eldest son of the Earl of Ranfurly (Peerage of Ireland)
104. Thomas Anson, Viscount Anson, eldest son of the Earl of Lichfield
105. Frederick Lambton, Viscount Lambton, eldest son of the Earl of Durham
106. Granville Leveson-Gower, Lord Leveson, eldest son of the Earl Granville
107. Edward Howard, Lord Howard of Effingham, eldest son of the Earl of Effingham
108. James Moreton, Lord Moreton, eldest son of the Earl of Ducie
109. George Pelham, Lord Worsley, eldest son of the Earl of Yarborough
110. Edward Coke, Viscount Coke, eldest son of the Earl of Leicester
111. Henry Noel, Viscount Campden, eldest son of the Earl of Gainsborough
112. Samuel Byng, Viscount Enfield, eldest son of the Earl of Strafford
113. Henry Wellesley, Viscount Dangan, eldest son of the Earl Cowley
114. Colin Mackenzie, Viscount Tarbat, eldest son of the Earl of Cromartie
115. David Wodehouse, Lord Wodehouse, eldest son of the Earl of Kimberley
116. Reed Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, Viscount Carlton, eldest son of the Earl of Wharncliffe
117. Hugh Cairns, Viscount Garmoyle, eldest son of the Earl Cairns
118. Philip Lytton, Viscount Knebworth, eldest son of the Earl of Lytton
119. Alexander Palmer, Viscount Wolmer, eldest son of the Earl of Selborne
120. Thomas Northcote, Viscount St Cyres, eldest son of the Earl of Iddesleigh
121. John Gathorne-Hardy, Lord Medway, eldest son of the Earl of Cranbrook
122. Alexander Baring, Viscount Errington, eldest son of the Earl of Cromer
123. Robert Other Ivor Windsor-Clive, Viscount Windsor, eldest son of the Earl of Plymouth
124. Luke Foljambe, Viscount Hawkesbury, eldest son of the Earl of Liverpool
125. Sean Beatty, Viscount Borodale, eldest son of the Earl Beatty
126. Arthur Guinness, Viscount Elveden, eldest son of the Earl of Iveagh
127. Mark Asquith, Viscount Asquith, eldest son of the Earl of Oxford and Asquith
128. Fergus Mackay, Viscount Glenapp, eldest son of the Earl of Inchcape
129. Ashton Peel, Viscount Clanfield, eldest son of the Earl Peel
130. Benedict Bewdley, Viscount Corvedale, eldest son of the Earl Baldwin of Bewdley
131. James Wood, Lord Irwin, eldest son of the Earl of Halifax
132. Brer Ruthven, Viscount Ruthven of Canberra, eldest son of the Earl of Gowrie
133. William Lloyd George, Viscount Gwynedd, eldest son of the Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor
134. Nicholas Knatchbull, Lord Brabourne, eldest son of the Earl Mountbatten of Burma
135. William Cunliffe-Lister, Lord Masham, eldest son of the Earl of Swinton
136. Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley, eldest son of the Earl of Snowdon
137. Daniel Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden, eldest son of the Earl of Stockton
138. James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn, eldest son of the Earl of Wessex
6 Fun Facts about the Sandwich
November 3 rd is National Sandwich Day and we can’t think of anything else we would rather celebrate. When it comes to lunch, you simply can’t beat a sandwich. What other menu option do we have that is easy enough to make that most kids can make their own, portable enough to take just about anywhere, and flexible enough to enable everyone to have exactly what they want? It is easy to see why the sandwich is so synonymous with lunch! Get in the spirit for National Sandwich Day with these fun facts and ready-to-make recipes featuring the sandwich.
1. Ever wonder where the sandwich got its name?
It is named after the man credited with creating the first sandwich, John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich. Legend has it that he was unwilling to free up both hands during a 24 hour gambling event in order to eat. Instead, he asked his servant to put the meat from his meal between two slices of bread so he could hold it in one hand and continue gambling. Ease, convenience, and portability right from the start!
2. Do you know what the most popular sandwich in America is?
If you guessed peanut butter and jelly, you would be close since on average, we each will have eaten about 1,500 PB&Js by the time we graduate from high school. The most popular sandwich is the plain, ordinary ham sandwich followed by second place finisher the BLT.
3. How many sandwiches do Americans eat every day?
It might seem strange, but Americans eat more than 300 million sandwiches each and every day. This is an amazing statistic since there are slightly more than 300 million Americans and not everyone eats a sandwich everyday!
4. What sandwich helped keep Americans fed during the Great Depression?
With the price of peanut butter today, you may not believe it, but the PB&J offered a lot of nutrition for a low cost. This was due in part to two crucial advances in food delivery, the development of the process for making peanut butter and the adoption of the process for pre-slicing and packaging bread. These two advances made the necessary ingredients readily available at a reasonable cost just in time to help feed the families struggling through the depression.
5. Why do we call sandwiches served on oblong rolls subs?
You might think it is because the rolls themselves are shaped kind of like submarines but that is not where the name comes from. Legend has it that during World War II, a deli in New London, Connecticut got an order for 500 hero sandwiches from a local Navy submarine base. As a result, the employees of the deli started referring to the hero as a “sub”. The name stuck and in most parts of the country you are more likely to see subs on the menu than heros.
6. What world records are related to sandwiches?
There are several world records tracked by Guinness related to the sandwich. The most expensive sandwich ever sold was a grilled toast sandwich that seemed to have an image of the Virgin Mary on the toasted bread which sold for $28,000 in 2004. The longest sandwich, created in Italy in 2004 was 2081 ft. The largest sandwich ever made weighed 5,440 lbs. The year, the record for the most sandwiches being made simultaneously was set in New York City by Subway restaurants who had 254 people making sandwiches at the same time.
Making up your family’s favorite sandwiches is a great way to celebrate National Sandwich Day. Don’t have a favorite sandwich? Try one of ours!
The History Of American White Bread Is Anything But Bland
From a scapegoat for the "sapping" of the "white race," to a symbol of modern engineering, to a target of the counterculture movement: White bread's been a social lightning rod time and again. iStockphoto skrij napis
From a scapegoat for the "sapping" of the "white race," to a symbol of modern engineering, to a target of the counterculture movement: White bread's been a social lightning rod time and again.
Editor's note: Today is National Sandwich Day. To mark the occasion, we bring you this story from our archives. It was originally published in 2012.
White bread, like vanilla, is one of those foods that have become a metaphor for blandness. But it wasn't always that way.
Aaron Bobrow-Strain, an associate professor of food politics at Whitman College, tells Weekend Edition's Rachel Martin that white bread was a deeply contentious food — from the early 1900s ideas of "racial purity" up to the countercultural revolution of the 1960s. He documents that cultural legacy in his book, White Bread: A Social History of the Store-Bought Loaf.
White bread first became a social lightning rod with the Pure Foods movement of the late 1800s. Bobrow-Strain says well-meaning reformers were concerned about a host of legitimate food safety issues, and their activism led directly to many of today's food safety laws.
A Social History Of The Store-Bought Loaf
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But food purity ideals bled into the social realm in the form of what Bobrow-Strain calls "healthism" — the idea that "perfect bodily health was an outward manifestation of inward genetic fitness."
One proponent of healthism was Bernarr Macfadden, whom Bobrow-Strain calls "the original strong man food guru in a leopard-skin tunic." Macfadden believed that "white bread was sapping the vitality of the white race, threatening white racial superiority," Bobrow-Strain says.
In the 1920s, white bread became a symbol of industrialization and modernity, as companies like Tip Top and Wonder Bread brought factory automation to bread-making. The invention of sliced bread, allegedly in Chillicothe, Mo., in 1928, was "really the culmination of a long process in which bread was engineered and designed to look like a streamlined wonder, like an edible piece of modern art," Bobrow-Strain says.
At the same time, the '20s and '30s saw a backlash against white bread, and a revival of Macfadden's idea that whole wheat bread was imbued with moral as well as dietary fiber. And another wave of criticism came in the 1960s.
The counterculture movement "took up white bread as an emblem of everything that was wrong with America. It was plastic, corporate, stale," Bobrow-Strain says. Eating handmade, whole wheat bread became "an edible act of rebellion, a way of challenging The Man."
These days, of course, artisanal breads are a common sight at supermarkets. "We see bread going from a kind of manifestation of grass-roots food activism to being a high-end, niche product," Bobrow-Strain says.
The Salt
Earl Of Sandwich Blended Frappes Long Before Starbucks
Food reformers could learn a thing or two from these decades-long bread battles. Bobrow-Strain says focusing on individual food choices creates divisive in-groups and out-groups, defined by who makes the supposedly "right" food choices. And activists often overlook the root causes of problems in the food system.
Like, for instance, the economy. It's hard to pay twice as much for artisanal bread when you're strapped for cash.
And some foods are just better with white bread, he says, whether it's a simple grilled cheese or something fancier.
"I made a sandwich that had garlicky braised kale with Manchego cheese, a fried egg, and I did it on grilled Wonder Bread," Bobrow-Strain says. "It was fabulous."
Durham University’s Castle Theatre Company presents one of Shakespeare’s most charming comedies: All’s Well at Ends Well. A fairy-tale story of true love finding a way, featuring colourful characters and a hilarious sub-plot, this is the tale of a heroine who tries to secure her own happy ending.
Low-born Helena is madly in love with the noble Count Bertram, but he won’t take a second look at her. When she saves the King of France’s life, he oers Helena anything she desires in return – she asks for Bertram’s hand in marriage. Horrified, Bertram flees to fight in the war, and refuses to love Helena until she can take the ring from his finger. Meanwhile, Bertram’s boastful friend Parolles is tricked by his fellow soldiers, who have had enough of his behaviour. Can Helena fulfil Bertram’s demands and persuade him to love her after all?
For over three decades, Castle Theatre Company has taken its annual summer Shakespeare tour around the south of England and the USA, performing classic comedies on the lawns of stately homes, gardens and abbeys. Renowned for its high standard of performance, Castle Theatre Company promises fantastic entertainment for audiences of all ages. Bring a picnic and enjoy an afternoon of riotous Shakespearean fun!
Who Invented the Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich?
The Earl of Sandwich is credited with inventing the sandwich because he wanted to eat his meal with one hand during a 24-hour gambling event and instructed his servant to put his meat between two slices of bread. But what many may not know, is how an American classic sandwich&mdashthe iconic peanut butter and jelly sandwich&mdashcame to be. If the Earl of Sandwich invented the sandwich, who invented the PB&J?
The story begins with the three essentials parts of the PB&J&mdashpeanut butter, jelly and bread. First, let&rsquos start with the bread, which is, of course, an ancient food that has been around for tens of thousands of years.
The significance of the bread component in the PB&J sandwich is the invention of pre-sliced bread in the early 1900s. Otto Frederick Rohwedder invented a bread slicer but bakers were not interested because they thought no one would want their bread pre-sliced. Rohwedder kept refining his invention and changing things until it was ready to use in bakeries. He advertised the machine as &ldquothe greatest step forward in baking since bread was wrapped.&rdquo Later, the slogan evolved into &ldquothe greatest thing since sliced bread.&rdquo
Sliced bread proliferated. Soon people were looking for spreads to use with this newfound wonder food.
Next, let&rsquos look at jelly which is another food that has been around for a long time. In the case of the quintessential American PB&J sandwich, the most important person in this part of the story is a man named Paul Welch. In 1917, Welch secured a patent for pureeing grapes and turning them into jelly. He developed and advertised Grapelade (rhymes with marmalade) from Concord grapes&mdashthis was popular with America&rsquos troops in WWI. When soldiers came home after the war, it was popular to spread Grapelade on bread.
Finally, there&rsquos the peanut butter. Contrary to popular belief, peanut butter was not invented by Dr. George Washington Carver. But he is crediting with advancing the peanut crop in the South in the early 1900s and published his &ldquo300 Uses for Peanuts,&rdquo which included a peanut paste.
The forerunner of the peanut butter we know today was first brought to light sometime during the 1880s when a St. Louis physician, Dr. Ambrose Straub, made a peanut paste for geriatric patients who had trouble swallowing, or had bad teeth. Around the same time, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg (same as the cereal) was the first to patent a process for manufacturing peanut butter. Peanut butter was first introduced at the 1893 Chicago World Fair. In 1904 Dr. Straub got a food company to develop the peanut spread and they took it to the St. Louis World Fair where it became so popular, grocery stores began ordering it.
Around the same time, peanut butter appeared in upscale tea rooms in New York City and was considered a delicacy. On the menu of Vanity Fair Tea Room was peanut butter with watercress. Other tea rooms featured peanut butter and pimento sandwich and peanut butter on toast triangles with soda crackers.
In 1901, the first peanut butter and jelly sandwich recipe appeared in the Boston Cooking School Magazine of Culinary Science and Domestic Economics written by Julia Davis Chandler. She said to use currant or crab-apple jelly and called the combination delicious and as far as she knew, original.
Still, the peanut butter and jelly sandwich was an exclusive food, and its popularity among the masses was yet to come. As Grapelade and pre-sliced bread became popular, another breakthrough happened with peanut butter&mdashcommercial brands found a way to create creamier peanut butter that didn&rsquot stick to the roof of the mouth so easily. And during the Great Depression of the 1930s, families discovered peanut butter provided a satisfying, high protein, less expensive meal.
But the major event that took the peanut butter and jelly sandwich over the top in popularity was WWII.
Peanut butter and jelly were on the U.S. Military ration menus in World War II. Peanut butter was a high-protein, shelf-stable ingredient and easily portable on long marches. Grapelade had already accompanied soldiers in the first world war and added a sweetness to the sandwich. With pre-sliced bread so easy to use, the natural inclination was to combine these three items, and before long the good ol&rsquo PB&J was a part of the American soldier&rsquos life.
When soldiers came home from the war, peanut butter and jelly sales soared. Kids loved it because it tastes great, parents loved how easy it was to make and how kids could make it themselves with pre-sliced bread. Many families and college students on a budget relied on PB&J.
So, the story of the peanut butter and jelly sandwich is the story of three essential ingredients all of which have been around for a long time, joining together to give us America&rsquos favorite and enduring sandwich.
